sglt2 inhibitors

SGLT2 inhibitors – Dapagliflozin vs Empagliflozin

Dapagliflozin and empagliflozin are the two SGLT2 inhibitors currently available in Pakistan. Worldwide, among the SGLT2 class of medicines, apart from dapagliflozin and empagliflozin, canagliflozin is also being used to treat type 2 diabetes patients. Which patients should be prescribed SGLT2 inhibitors? SGLT2 inhibitors can be used as monotherapy or in combination with metformin, insulin …

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sjs and ten

SJS and TEN following antibiotics use can be deadly!

A number of patients have been admitted in the medical department of PIMS with SJS and TEN (Steven Johnson Syndrome and Toxic epidermal necrolysis) following the use of antibiotics. Most of the patients developed the condition following the use of amoxicillin. One patient took a tetracycline class of the antibiotic and one developed SJS after …

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definition of myocardial infarction

New Definition/ classification of Myocardial Infarction

The American College of Cardiology Foundation, The joint task force of the European society of cardiology, the world heart federation and the American heart association (ACCF/ESC/WHF/AHA) have updated the definition of acute Myocardial infarction to incorporate the use of highly sensitive troponins in clinical practice. Definition of Myocardial Infarction They defined acute Myocardial infarction as …

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how to prevent and treat hemorrhoids

Simple tips on “How to prevent and treat hemorrhoids”

Hemorrhoids or piles also called as bawaseer in Urdu, are venous dilatations in the anal canal. Veins are normally present in the rectum and anal canal. However, when these veins become dilated and tortuous, they may become symptomatic. Before discussing the topic “how to prevent and treat hemorrhoids”, lets briefly review the symptoms and stages …

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orbital pseudotumor

Orbital pseudotumor – a rare inflammatory eye disease

Orbital pseudotumor or idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome (IOIS) is a rare inflammatory condition of the eye without a known cause. Diagnosis … It is often a diagnosis of exclusion. Diagnosis to consider in a patient presenting with eye swelling and redness include: Orbital cellulitis Orbital neoplasms Systemic disorders like Wegener’s Granulomatosis, and Cavernous sinus thrombosis …

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eye swelling

Eye swelling and redness in a middle-aged female

A middle-aged female was referred to the medical OPD with eye swelling. The patient was alright a few weeks back when she developed swelling of the left eye. The eye swelling gradually progressed with associated watery discharge, redness and impaired vision. Ophthalmologist review of the eye swelling The patient was taken to an ophthalmologist and …

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vaginal yeast infection

Vaginal Yeast Infection – Treat with a single pill!

Vaginal yeast infection is a common problem in women and is second only to bacterial vaginosis as a cause of vaginitis. It is also called yeast vaginitis or vaginal candidiasis. Unlike Trichomonas vaginalis infection, it is not a sexually transmitted disease. So the partner does not need any treatment. Furthermore, unlike oropharyngeal candida infections, it …

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rheumatoid arthritis treatment guidelines

Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment Guidelines

Rheumatoid Arthritis treatment guidelines are continuously changing after the introduciton of the novel biological agents. The management of rheumatoid arthritis should focus on the following therapeutic intervention. Timely diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and referral to a specialist. Recognition of comorbid conditions and extra-articular manifestations Early use of disease-modifying drugs to prevent further joint damage. Adjunctive …

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