Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical syndrome characterized by generalized body swelling as a result of proteins loss in the urine. Before discussing the key points in the diagnosis and management of nephrotic syndrome, I present here a case scenario of our patient who was admitted with generalized body swelling in our ward. A young male …
A 36 years of age female patient was brought to the hospital with rapid weight gain. The patient is an unmarried female with a history of the polycystic ovarian syndrome (and menstrual irregularities). She had been obese since teenage that resulted in depression and psychosocial issues like fatigue, somnolence, staying at home most of the …
Meningitis is inflammation of the membranes covering the brain called meninges. It usually follows a bloodstream infection, pneumonia, pelvic and urinary tract infection, and upper respiratory tract infection. Meningitis may be caused by bacterial, fungal, tuberculous, or viral infections. The most common bacteria causing meningitis in adults is streptococcus pneumonia. In newborns, E.coli is the …
Meningitis – an overview of the symptoms and signs! Read More »
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has issued final appraisal determination (FAD) for the use of 5 mg Forxiga or dapagliflozin in type 1 Diabetes Mellitus patients with insulin in patients with inadequate glycemic control. Dapagliflozin (Forxiga) is an oral antidiabetic medication that is now commonly used to treat patients with type 2 Diabetes …
Dapagliflozin (Forxiga) in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus! Read More »
Rituximab is available in Pakistan by the brand names of Ristova and MabThera (Roche Pakistan Ltd). It is indicated for a variety of conditions worldwide. Some of the common indications of Rituximab are: Blood cancers: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Lymphoma Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia Autoimmune rheumatic diseases: Rheumatoid Arthritis Wegener’s Granulomatosis Microscopic polyangiitis Immune thrombocytopenia Autoimmune hemolytic anemia …
Lower back pain is a common problem in individuals of all ages. Most of the causes are benign that is related to an abnormal posture, excessive weight lifting, or as a part of systemic pain syndromes. Since most of the causes are benign, majority of the patients respond to simple pain relief medicines and rest. …
Lower back pain – Symptoms that warrant an urgent evaluation! Read More »
PUO or Pyrexia of unknown or FUO (Fever of unknown origin) origin refers to a febrile state of a prolonged duration without any obvious cause. It is important to note that PUO is not a diagnosis, it is a failure on the part of the physician to reach a diagnosis. Quite often, the physician is …
PUO (Pyrexia of Unknown Origin) – Causes & Workup Read More »
Fever of unknown origin is a frustrating diagnosis for both the patient and the physician. It is rather a failure on the part of the physician being not been able to make a diagnosis. When the physician is not able to make a diagnosis, the frustrated physician then tries to prescribe very broad-spectrum antibiotics. These …
Smoking cessation and even smoking reduction result in substantial health benefits. It is one of the leading preventable causes of death and is responsible for more than six million deaths worldwide. Patients who reduce the number of cigarettes by 50% reduce their risks of getting cardiovascular diseases by 27%. Currently, 21% of men and 15% …
Hemochromatosis is a condition resulting from an excess of iron in the body. It can be a primary disorder that is hereditary and runs in families or secondary to excess iron ingestion and repeated blood transfusion. Symptoms of hemochromatosis may be subtle and may take months to years before the diagnosis is made. Iron-overload conditions …